Intel Xeon Scalable generations (1st–5th gen)
Intel Xeon Scalable spans five generations: 1st gen Skylake, 2nd gen Cascade Lake, 3rd gen Ice Lake, 4th gen Sapphire Rapids, and 5th gen Emerald Rapids. Each step raised core counts and memory speed, with the shift from DDR4 to DDR5 arriving at the 4th generation.
The line uses Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum tiers to segment core count, clock speed, and socket scalability. 1st gen Skylake and 2nd gen Cascade Lake use LGA 3647 with DDR4 (Cascade Lake at DDR4-2933). 3rd gen Ice Lake moved to LGA 4189 with 8 memory channels and DDR4-3200.
4th gen Sapphire Rapids and 5th gen Emerald Rapids share the LGA 4677 socket and switched to DDR5-4800 (Emerald Rapids reaching DDR5-5600), 8 channels, PCIe 5.0, and CXL. Sapphire Rapids also introduced accelerators like AMX for AI and select SKUs with on-package HBM.
For sourcing from China, generation sets the socket, memory type, and PCIe version, so a CPU upgrade often means a new platform. Cascade Lake and Ice Lake servers offer strong value on the used market, while Sapphire Rapids and newer are the entry point for DDR5, PCIe 5.0, and CXL.
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- AMD EPYC generations (Naples to Genoa/Bergamo)AMD EPYC spans Naples (1st gen), Rome (2nd gen), Milan (3rd gen), and Genoa/Bergamo (4th gen). Rome and Milan use socket SP3 with 8 DDR4 channels and up to 64 cores; Genoa moved to socket SP5 with 12 DDR5 channels, PCIe 5.0, and up to 96 cores.
- TDP: Thermal Design PowerTDP is the sustained heat output in watts that a CPU's cooling must dissipate at its base operating point. It guides heatsink, fan, and rack cooling design. A higher TDP generally means more cores or higher clocks, and more heat and power draw to plan for.
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